SciTec Arthroxon Plus

Glucosamine· evidence: Limited

Glucosamine is a building block of cartilage. In supplements it comes as glucosamine sulphate or glucosamine hydrochloride, usually made from crab and shrimp shells, or from fermented corn in vegan versions. N-acetyl glucosamine is a related form with even less research behind it.

It has been studied a lot, and the results are disappointing. Large independent trials, such as the US GAIT trial, and a big review of the research found little or no difference from a dummy pill for most people. Some earlier trials using one branded glucosamine sulphate looked better, but many of those were funded by the maker. NICE does not recommend glucosamine on the NHS, and EFSA rejected a claim that it helps keep joints healthy.

There is no authorised health claim for glucosamine, so we make no claims about what it does. If you want to try it, the dose used in studies is 1,500 mg of glucosamine sulphate a day, and it is fair to stop after about three months if you notice no difference.

Typical dose: Studies used 1,500 mg of glucosamine sulphate a day

Safety: Most glucosamine is made from shellfish: avoid unless the label says it is from a non-shellfish source if you have a shellfish allergy. Glucosamine may strengthen the effect of warfarin, so speak to your GP or pharmacist first if you take warfarin or another blood thinner. Speak to your GP first if you have diabetes, asthma or glaucoma, or are pregnant or breastfeeding. Can cause mild stomach upset.

Research we looked at:
Clegg DO et al. (2006). Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med 354:795–808.
Wandel S et al. (2010). Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis. BMJ 341:c4675.
NICE (2022). Osteoarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline NG226.
EFSA NDA Panel (2009). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to glucosamine alone or in combination with chondroitin sulphate and maintenance of joints. EFSA Journal 7(9):1264.

Chondroitin· evidence: Limited

Chondroitin sulphate is another natural part of cartilage. In supplements it usually comes from cow, pig, chicken or shark cartilage, and a few vegan versions are made by fermentation. It is often paired with glucosamine.

The research is mixed. Large independent trials found little or no benefit over a dummy pill for most people, while some smaller and maker-funded trials looked more positive, and the quality of chondroitin in supplements varies. EFSA rejected a claim that it helps keep joints healthy, and NICE does not recommend it on the NHS.

There is no authorised health claim for chondroitin, so we make no claims about what it does. Studies have mostly used 800–1,200 mg a day; many combination products contain far less.

Typical dose: Studies mostly used 800–1,200 mg a day

Safety: Usually made from animal cartilage, so not suitable for vegetarians unless stated. May add to the effect of warfarin and other blood thinners: speak to your GP or pharmacist first if you take them. Not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding without advice.

Research we looked at:
Clegg DO et al. (2006). Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med 354:795–808.
Singh JA et al. (2015). Chondroitin for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005614.
Wandel S et al. (2010). Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis. BMJ 341:c4675.
NICE (2022). Osteoarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline NG226.

Type II collagen (chicken cartilage)· evidence: Limited

Type II collagen is the main collagen in cartilage, and supplements usually take it from chicken breastbone (sternum) cartilage. It comes in two quite different kinds. Undenatured type II collagen (such as UC-II) is used in tiny doses of about 40 mg a day and is thought to work through the immune system in the gut rather than as a building material. Hydrolysed type II collagen (such as BioCell Collagen) is used at about 1–2 g a day and also contains some chondroitin and hyaluronic acid.

Both have a small number of trials behind them, and most of those were funded by the companies that sell the branded ingredients. Independent confirmation is limited.

There is no authorised health claim for type II collagen, so we make no claims about its effects.

Typical dose: Undenatured (UC-II): 40 mg a day. Hydrolysed: about 1–2 g a day

Safety: Made from chicken: not suitable for vegetarians, and avoid if you are allergic to chicken or eggs (some people react to both). Generally well tolerated.

Research we looked at:
Lugo JP et al. (2016). Efficacy and tolerability of an undenatured type II collagen supplement in modulating knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr J 15:14.
Schauss AG et al. (2012). Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem 60(16):4096–4101.

Vitamin C· evidence: Moderate

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, or mineral ascorbates such as sodium, calcium or magnesium ascorbate) is an essential vitamin found in fruit and vegetables. Adults need about 40 mg a day in the UK, and most people who eat fruit and vegetables get enough. The body cannot store much, and absorption falls off at higher doses, so the extra from a 1,000 mg tablet is largely passed in urine.

The best evidence on colds (a Cochrane review) found that taking vitamin C every day does not stop most people catching colds, but may shorten them slightly. People doing very heavy physical exercise are the exception, where regular vitamin C roughly halved the number of colds in trials.

A supplement makes sense if your diet is low in fruit and vegetables, if you smoke, or around periods of hard training. Most people do not need mega-doses, and fancy forms (liposomal, ester or buffered) have little evidence of meaningful benefit over plain ascorbic acid, though buffered forms can be gentler on the stomach.

Typical dose: The UK reference intake for adults is 40 mg a day (NRV on labels: 80 mg). Supplements commonly give 200 to 1,000 mg.

Safety: The FSA advises that 1,000 mg (1 g) a day or less from supplements is unlikely to cause harm. Higher doses can cause stomach pain, diarrhoea and wind. People with a history of kidney stones, haemochromatosis (iron overload) or kidney disease should speak to their GP before taking high doses. Chewable and powder forms are acidic and can affect tooth enamel.

Research we looked at:
NHS. Vitamin C. nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-c
Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(1):CD000980.
EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin C. EFSA Journal 2013;11(11):3418.
Carr AC, Vissers MCM. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C: are they equally bioavailable? Nutrients 2013;5(11):4284-4304.

Cost per daily dose lets you compare packs of different sizes fairly.Worked out from our current prices.